Holarchy

A holarchy is a hierarchy of holons. Entire organs such as the kidneys, heart, and brain are capable of continuing their functions, as quasi-independent wholes, when isolated from the organism and suplied with the proper nutrients.

Characteristics of Holarchies:

• Bi-directionality: Each holon can receive signals as well as send signals. The "flow" in a holarchy is both up and down.
• Level behaviour: The holon at one level is not necessarily the "sum" of its subordinates. The characteristics of holons at one level are not representative of the characteristics of the level above or below them. The further down the holarchy, the more mechanized, stereotyped, and predictable the behavior. Higher level holons have more flexibility and function a more abstract state.
• Flexibility: Holarchies are not rigid structures; they allow modification and adaptability. A holon can be part of multiple holarchies.
• Open-ended: The top and the bottom of holarchies are not absolute. A holarchy can be augmented or interwoven with another holarchy.

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